As per the error message, your docx does not contain a ToC content control.
A ToC content control (w:sdt), if present, is a container around your ToC.
Using xml Syntax Highlighting
<w:sdt>
<w:sdtPr>
<w:id w:val="-1123310647"/>
<w:docPartObj>
<w:docPartGallery w:val="Table of Contents"/>
<w:docPartUnique/>
</w:docPartObj>
</w:sdtPr>
<w:sdtContent>
<w:p w:rsidP="00F04C35" w:rsidR="00F04C35" w:rsidRDefault="00F04C35">
<w:pPr>
<w:pStyle w:val="TOCHeading"/>
</w:pPr>
<w:r>
<w:t>Contents
</w:t>
</w:r>
</w:p>
<w:p w:rsidP="00F04C35" w:rsidR="00F04C35" w:rsidRDefault="00F04C35">
<w:pPr>
<w:pStyle w:val="TOC1"/>
<w:tabs>
<w:tab w:leader="dot" w:pos="9016" w:val="right"/>
</w:tabs>
<w:rPr>
<w:noProof/>
</w:rPr>
</w:pPr>
<w:r>
<w:fldChar w:fldCharType="begin"/>
</w:r>
<w:r>
<w:instrText xml:space="preserve"> TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u
</w:instrText>
</w:r>
:
:
</w:sdtContent>
</w:sdt>
Parsed in 0.003 seconds, using
GeSHi 1.0.8.4
Could it be that your code is removing this w:sdt (but keeping its contents)?
If you save your docx at various points and manually inspect the contents, you'll be able to pin down where it is getting removed. One place docx4j may be doing that is in OpenDoPE's RemovalHandler. Are you doing OpenDoPE content control data binding?